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Becoming Eichmann: Rethinking the Life, Crimes, and Trial of a "Desk Murderer", by David Cesarani
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Becoming Eichmann, the first account of Eichmann’s life to appear in over forty years, reveals a surprising portrait of the man once seen as epitomizing the “banality of evil.” Drawing on recently unearthed documents, David Cesarani explores Eichmann’s early career, when he learned how to become an administrator of genocide, and shows how Eichmann developed into the Reich’s “expert” on Jewish matters, becoming ever more hateful and brutal. This sobering account deepens our understanding and challenges our preconceptions of Adolf Eichmann and offers fresh insights into both the operation of the “Final Solution” and its most notorious perpetrator.
- Sales Rank: #1103990 in Books
- Published on: 2007-04-24
- Released on: 2007-04-24
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.20" h x 1.05" w x 5.60" l, .99 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 472 pages
From Publishers Weekly
To the Israeli prosecutor who interrogated him in 1961, Adolf Eichmann was a fanatical anti-Semite and a central figure in the annihilation of the Jews. To Hannah Arendt, he was a dim-witted bureaucrat, a cog in the machinery of destruction that was the Holocaust. British historian Cesarani, author of numerous books on the Holocaust and Jewish history, offers a more complex and nuanced portrait. Based on research into sources that were unavailable in the 1960s and on the most recent scholarly work on the Holocaust, Cesarani corrects the historical record on numerous issues. Contrary to popular myth, he says, Eichmann had a normal childhood and a socially and professionally successful young adulthood. Eichmann joined the SS not because he was a misfit but because, like so many German and Austrian middle-class men, he found the Third Reich a great engine of social mobility. Cesarani's biography is convincing on many counts. But in the end, the broad outlines of Arendt's portrait in her brilliant Eichmann in Jerusalem remain standing. Eichmann may have been more intelligent and skilled than she concluded, but he was the perfect expression of the highly bureaucratized and systematic killing process that the Nazis perfected. 8 pages of b&w photos, 2 maps. (May 15)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From Booklist
*Starred Review* Since Adolf Eichmann's trial and execution, scholars have looked to the events of the Holocaust logistician's life to assess the depth of his guilt and to speculate on the social mechanisms that turn individuals genocidal. Cesarani aims to strip away some of the mythology that such efforts have invariably generated. His thesis--that Eichmann's evil arose not from banal bean counting but from the bureaucrat's ambitious careerism--both builds upon and pointedly rejects Hannah Arendt's visceral Eichmann in Jerusalem and will certainly attract attention for doing so. Yet Cesarani does more than simply reopen the cog-or-monster debates that surrounded Arendt's assessment. Pointing out key moments in which Eichmann overcame his own humanity--swallowing his initial shock at the sight of mass shootings and finding recovery from a "total moral collapse" in Hungary in 1944--Cesarani emphasizes Eichmann's deliberate choices, habituation to power, and gradual desensitization to mass atrocity. In doing so, he presents a compelling vision of Eichmann that comports with our current awareness of the psychological dynamics of genocide. Similarly compelling is Cesarani's fascinatingly Darwinian description of the ever-changing bureaucratic structures of Nazism to which Eichmann was continually adapting as he rose in the ranks. Few biographies, and fewer Holocaust histories, are as innovative or as nuanced. Brendan Driscoll
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
Review
"* 'A disturbing book' Scotland on Sunday * 'A perceptive and intelligent new account - David Cesarani comes closer than anyone to solving the puzzle of what made Eichmann do what he did' Literary Review * 'Meticulous and admirably balanced' Times Literary Supplement * 'A powerful and revelatory book' Independent * 'Excellent and thorough' Guardian * 'A masterful biography-gripping' Sunday Express * 'Brilliant and comprehensive-As compelling a biography as one could wish for' Jewish Chronicle * 'Excellent and groundbreaking' Irish Times * 'Diligent and balanced' Financial Times Magazine * 'Thorough and judicious' London Review of Books * 'Finely crafted-Penetrating and even-handed' Good Book Guide"
Most helpful customer reviews
45 of 56 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent revision of the Eichmann story
By Jerry Saperstein
The problem with all books dealing with evil people is that they begin with the assumption of exceptionalism: that the mass murderer is an exception. The 20th Century, if not all recorded history, should have taught us that this is not so. The Mongols Ghengis Khan led in their slaughters were no more inherently evil than Eichmann or the Soviet executioner who won an award for shooting several thousand people in a few days.
Cesarani does a good job of presenting Eichmann as an ordinary man seeking advancement and prestige within a society that saw nothing wrong with murdering millions. Hannah Arendt's characterization of Eichmann as a dim-wit was nothing but an intellectual's refusal to acknowledge that the Germans in their bloodlust were no different than the Soviets, Communist Chinese or other societies that considered murder and enslavement a normal part of the exercise of power. (It should be remembered that Stalin and Mao each murdered more of their own citizens than the total of all murdered by the Germans. Stalin and Mao also enslaved hundreds of millions more people than the Germans. These have always been inconvenient facts for left-leaning intellectuals to deal with, thus their propensity to attempt rendering the German experience as unique.)
Cesarani traces every aspect of Eichmann's life, sometimes to the point of dullness. The ultimate story is that Eichmann wasn't any different than any of his peers in Germany, the Soviet Union or what would become Communist China. In Germany, it is estimated that about 500,000 people were at one time or another in the extermination of Jews and other groups, not counting their Ukrainian, Polish, French and other European helpers. Eichmann held an important position in this apparatus, organizing and administering much of the system that gathered and delivered Jewish victims to the place the Germans had designated for their cruel deaths.
Cesarani successfully "humanizes" Eichmann as a man who could spend his work hours plotting the deliberate enslavement and murder of millions simply because they were Jewish and literally go home to be a typical husband and father. It is that part of Eichmann and nearly all the other state-sanctioned murderers like him through the ages that is so disturbing. To them, slaving and murder was an ordinary part of their lives. For many today, it still is: just look at the recent experience in the Balkans, the Sudan and elsewhere.
The ultimate repugnancy of Eichmann is that he was the exception in that he was tried and hanged. Of the estimated 500,000 Germans who are estimated to have participated in the murder of the Jews, very few were punished. Most went on to live the normal lives their victims were denied. The same is true of the killers in the former Soviet Union, China and elsewhere in the 20th Century. Such crimes and the criminals who commit them are too easily forgotten. Cesarani is to be congratulated for once again reminding us that ordinary men and women can embody the most horrible evil.
Jerry
10 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
The thin line between good and evil
By N. Perz
The first half of the book is rather dull: a dry account of Eichmann's climb through the ranks of the SD and the SS. It gets more interesting after the point of Eichmann's flight to Argentina. There's a certain twisted romanticism when it comes to the Nazis who fled to South America and went underground. Kidnapped and taken to Israel, Eichmann awaits trial. This trial takes up most of the second half of the book. Since I'm a lawyer, the legalisms may appeal more to me than to other readers but, even so, the narrative does drag at points.
Overall, the book is pretty good. What is, perhaps, most striking is just how "normal" Eichmann was. In many ways, he seemed a typical middle-class Austrian bureaucrat. He didn't seem to have the personal oddities of Rohm, Hess, Himmler, and the others. This "normalcy" makes Eichmann more interesting in the sense that he demonstrated how easily one can pass beyond the pale of human decency. Making these people into "monsters" de-historicizes them and, I think, belittles their crimes and their victims.
Happily, this author chose not to sensationalize his subject.
7 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
THE MODERN AGE'S MOST SUCCESSFUL MASS MURDERER
By David Keymer
Cesarani's book is (1) an attempt to come to grips with an enigma, a seemingly bloodless bureaucrat who was responsible for the murder of more than five million people in WWII and (2) a rebuttal and revision of the highly influential thesis of Hannah Arendt that Eichmann was the archetype of a new kind of murderer, a pencil pusher who sent people to their death at the behest of a monolithic state machine (Eichmann in Jerusalem, 1963). (Stanley Milgram's controversial experiments on obedience to authority (also 1963?) buttressed to Arendt's conclusion. Cesarani presents a much more nuanced view: Eichmann wasn't an unhappy child, wasn't persecuted by or identified with Jews, but he did imbibe the deep anti-Semitism of those around him. His entry into the Party and his drive to succeed, a perverted careerism as it were, eventually blunted all moral sensibilities and he became a moral monster. Quotations from Eichmann and others in this book are telling -and chilling. Of his operations in Hungary, Eichmann claimed that "On principle, I never went to look at anything unless I was ordered to." Eichmann's superior Heinrich Muller stated: "If we had fifty Eichmanns we would have won the war automatically." Eichmann said that when he finally knew the war was lost, "I sensed I would have to live a leaderless, difficult individual life, I would receive no directives from anybody, no orders and commands would any longer be issued to me, no pertinent ordinances would be there to consult -in brief, a life never known before lay ahead of me." When Eichmann in hiding in Argentina, a neighbor reminisced that he was very good with forms; whenever his mother had official forms to fill out, she would asked Eichmann to help because "he understood how they all worked." Eichmann's son Klaus talked Quick magazine in 1966 about their life in hiding in Argentina: "We learned Spanish at high speed. Father ordered me to learn one hundred words a day, no more, no less. It had to be exactly one hundred words. Our father was very correct, everything had to be just so, everything had to be in exact order." When Eichmann was interrogated before he went on trial, he stated: "I have no regrets at all and I am not eating humble pie at all. ... I must tell you that ... my innermost being refuses to say that we did something wrong. No -I must tell you, in honesty, that if of the 10.3 million Jews shown by [the statistician] Korherr, as we now know, we had killed 10.3 million, then I would be satisfied. I would say, `All right. We have exterminated an enemy.'" One of his jailers observed that as a prisoner, Eichmann "behaved like a scared submissive slave whose one aim was to please his new masters." Denying any active role in the mass murder of Jews and other `defectives', Eichmann said: "Although there is no blood on my hands I shall certainly be convicted of complicity in murder."
Of Eichmann's demeanor during his trial, Cesarani writes: "His studied indifference was a piece with his conduct during the months of interrogation. Eichmann was obsessively neat and tidy. He was focused on things being in the right order. He seemed immune or insensitive to the swirl of intense feeling that went on around him. In that sense he was `ghostlike'; he gave the impression of someone emotionally dead or profoundly repressed. What mattered to him was order, the satisfaction of things being `just so', and he manifested irritation with any disruption to the preferred state of things."
On the implementation of the Final Solution, Eichmann testified that "it was up to me to obey, and that is what I bore in mind over the future years.... I had no more to do with this than the actual processing of the paperwork..... I have never killed a human being. [It is] a mystery to me.... My position was exactly the same as that of millions of other people who had to obey. The difference is simply that I had a much more difficult task to perform in accordance with my orders.... Those who gave orders are responsible, not those who receive them....I had nothing to do with the actual technical side of things [i.e. killing millions of Jews]. I was responsible for drawing up timetables..."
Learning of Eichmann's conviction, his wife Vera told a British journalist: "I am sure above everything else that he will come back. All this terrible thing will be straightened out." The Chicago branch of the Nazi Party cabled birthday greetings to him, calling on him to `set an example for us to follow.' A fellow Austrian offered him the comfort of knowing that millions of Germans didn't consider him a murderer. At the very end, a minister, Reverend Hull, tried to get him to confess his crimes. Eichmann retorted: "I have nothing to confess. I have not sinned. I am clear with God. I did not do it. I did nothing wrong. I have no regrets."
Vera Eichmann, in an interview: "In the home politics were never discussed. But we were so happy."
In Eichmann in Jerusalem, Hannah Arendt painted the modern age's most successful mass murderer as nothing more than a featureless cog in the modern totalitarian machine, not even an active anti-Semite with a will or life plan of his own. Arendt's thesis has come under heavy criticism on several grounds. Here's Irving Howe's comment: "How many people have ever boasted of having killed five million people? That kind of boast was hardly the talk of a featureless cog in a bureaucratic machine."
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